Definition and Examples of Pejoration in Language

In linguistics, pejoration is the downgrading or depreciation of a words meaning, as when a word with a positive sense develops a negative one. Pejoration is much more common than the opposite process, called amelioration. Here are some examples and observations from other writers: Silly The word silly is a classic example of pejoration, or gradual worsening of meaning. In early Middle English (around 1200), sely (as the word was then spelled) meant happy, blissful, blessed, fortunate, as it did in Old English. . . . The original meaning was followed by a succession of narrower ones, including spiritually blessed, pious, holy, good, innocent, harmless. . . . As the form (and pronunciation) sely changed to silly in the 1500s, the earlier meanings passed into increasingly less favorable senses such as weak, feeble, insignificant. . . . By the late 1500s, the words use declined to its present-day meaning of lacking good sense, empty-headed, senseless, foolish, as in This is the silliest stuff that ever I heard (1595, Shakespeare, A Midsummer Nights Dream). (Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008) Hierarchy Hierarchy shows a similar, though more pronounced, deterioration. Originally applied to an order or a host of angels from the fourteenth century, it has steadily moved down the scale of being, referring to a collective body of ecclesiastical rulers from c. 1619, from whence the similar secular sense develops c.1643 (in Miltons tract on divorce). . . . Today one frequently hears of the party hierarchy, business hierarchies, and the like, denoting only the top of the hierarchy, not the whole order, and conveying the same nuances of hostility and envy implied in elite.(Geoffrey Hughes, Words in Time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary. Basil Blackwell, 1988) Discreet [U]sing language to spin may worsen the meaning of the substituted language, a process linguists call pejoration. That has happened to the previously innocuous adjective discreet, when used in personal columns as a euphemism for illicit sexual meetings. A recent Wall Street Journal article quoted the customer service manager of an online dating service as saying he banned the use of discreet from his service because its often code for married and looking to fool around. The site is for singles only.(Gertrude Block, Legal Writing Advice: Questions and Answers. William S. Hein, 2004) Attitude Let me give one final example of this kind of semantic corrosion--the word attitude. . . . Originally, attitude was a technical term, meaning position, pose. It shifted to mean mental state, mode of thinking (presumably whatever was implied by someones posture). In colloquial usage, it has since deteriorated. Hes got an attitude means hes got a confronting manner (probably uncooperative, antagonistic); something to be corrected by parents or teachers. Whereas once this would have been rendered Hes got a bad attitude or an attitude problem, the negative sense has now become overwhelming.(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011)​ Pejoration and Euphemism One specific source of  pejoration is euphemism . . .: in avoiding some taboo word, speakers may use an alternative which in time acquires the meaning of the original and itself falls out of use. Thus, in English, disinformation has replaced lying in some political contexts, where it has recently been joined by being economical with the truth.(April M. S. McMahon, Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 1999) Generalizations About Pejoration Some few generalizations are possible:Words meaning inexpensive have an inherent likelihood to become negative in connotation, often highly negative. Lat. [Latin] vilis at a good price (i.e. inevitably, low price) commonplace trashy, contemptible, low (the current meaning of It. [Italian], Fr. [French], NE. [Modern English] vile).Words for clever, intelligent, capable commonly develop connotations (and eventually denotations of sharp practice, dishonesty, and so on: . . . NE crafty dishonestly clever is from OE craeftig strong(ly)l skillful(ly) (NHG [New High German] krà ¤ftig strong; the ancient sense strong, strength of this family of words fades very early in the history of English, where the usual senses pertain to skill).NE cunning has very negative connotations in present-day English, but in Middle English it meant learned, skillful, expert . . ..(Andrew L. Sihler, Language History: An Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) Pronunciation: PEDGE-e-RAY-shun Also Known As: deterioration, degeneration EtymologyFrom the Latin, worse

Essay about Karl Heinrich marx and Social-Conflict Analysis

Social-conflict analysis argues that rather than benefiting society as a whole, social stratification benefits some people and disadvantages others. This analysis draws heavily on the ideas of the great Karl Marx. Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, social scientist, and revolutionist whose writings formed the beginning of the basic ideas known as Marxism. He was born on May 5, 1818, in a place called Trier in Prussia. Marx attended the University of Bonn and later the University at Berlin, where he studied law, while majoring in history and philosophy to follow in his father’s footsteps of becoming a lawyer. Although scholars largely disregarded him in his own lifetime, his social, economic and political ideas gained rapid†¦show more content†¦On the contrary, the peasants became to be known as the Proletarians, the people who sell their labor for wages. Clearly, since the Bourgeoisies and the Proletarians have contrasting interests, they are vastly separate d by a gap of wealth and power, making social class conflict almost inevitable. Since the infamous The Communist Manifesto was fabricated during an era of prodigious social distress both economically and politically, it was the result of Marx’s desire to eradicate the gap between the Bourgeoisies and the Proletarians in order to ultimately restructure the social, political, and economic conditions of the Proletarians. To attain equality amongst all, Marx encouraged the Proletarians to plot against the Bourgeoisies to end the exploitation of lower social classes and set up a communistic society where class distinction would no longer be of issue. Unfortunately, this model of his required a society to undertake some changes that ultimately would not be able to successfully adapt to and nonetheless provide the equality he is striving for. Marx’s theories were established only upon class stratification while disregarding the primary factors that contribute to the actual foundation of a society. Here is why many scholars compare this idea of Marxism to the socialist movement that is known as communism. If one were to read over the all the demands listed,Show MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1389 Words   |  6 PagesHawthorne Mrs. Almack AP English 4 10/1/14 Marxism is a secular method for analysis focusing on class relations and societal conflict, which can be used to analyze The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Prussia on May 5, 1818 to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx. He explored sociopolitical theories and became a journalist creating socialist writings causing him to be banished from Germany and France. 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Procedural Pain and Brain Development †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Procedural Pain and Brain Development. Answer: Introduction: Infants are affected very much by pain of different medical procedures in hospitals. This happens due to lack of knowledge of different therapies and massages that can be used while treatment of any infant. From different studies of sensorial saturation, massage has been proved to be an effective, non-pharmacological treatment for pain-relief (Bellieni et al., 2012). Venipuncture is process for access into vain for intravenous therapy or for drawing blood from vein. The journal, published in Honk Kong investigates thoroughly how massage can be an effective process in order to reduce the pain in infants during Venipuncture. Dr. Kai Chow Choi is a PhD in statistics an expert in epidemiological studies and biostatistics. Another author Dr. Wan-Yim Ip is an associate professor at Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of medicine. He is a specialist in obstetric care and general nursing. Dr. Yuen-Man Chik is another member of faculty of medicine and he is also a child specialist and expert in teenage medicine. A territorial hospital in Hong Kong is chosen as the organisation for the discussion. Massage has been proved as an effective pain reducing method from the previous studies. A study of sensorial saturation has showed that it elevates heart rates and pain scores remarkably (Brummelte et al., 2012). The result of a study relating nursing methodology among 135 infants has showed that infants with gestational age between 33-36 weeks have to endure 60 painful procedures, whereas infants with gestational age 28 weeks have to endure near about 700. The symptoms of pain include elevated respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation depletion (Slater et al., 2012). Infants responses like body motion, crying and facial indication depend on their gestational age and resistance power (Madlinger-Lewis et al., 2014). Their facial gestures include squeezing of eyes, nasolobial furrow, swelling of eye-brows and open lips. The importance of this study lies with professional help of the health expert to minimize the infant pain (Chik, Ip Choi, 2017). Elimination or prevention of pain for infants during medical processes is not possible, but it can be minimized using effective non-pharmacological steps (Bergomi et al., 2014). Massage has been proved to be a technique that provides sensitive care. Effective weight gain, reduction of stress level and improvement of behavioural status in infants are some of the effects of massage (Abdallah, Badr Hawwari, 2013). The main objective of this study can be categorized into two sections. First one is examination of the response of infants in pain while Venipucture process and the second one is determination of effectiveness of upper limb massage in order to reduce the pain response of infants while undergoing Venipuncture (Savino et al., 2013). Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a hospital deals with the problems of newborn infant (Maxwell, Malavolta Fraga, 2013). With approval of local ethical committee various methods have been applied for the study. The methodology for this study is a crossover one that can be controlled randomly. Infants have been categorized into two parts for this study. These two groups are Massage 1st and Massage 2nd. The criteria included for this study are the gestational age of the infants, their proper size and required Venipuncture that can find out the defects (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). The infants who are involved with neuromuscular medication or sedation within 48 hours before application of pain reducing procedures or have gone through surgery previously or have anomalies in central nervous system have not been included in this study (Akuma Jordan, 2012). This categorization helps this study by making it simple. The collected data can verified separately which will help to draw the conclusion of the study. Application of methodologies: The infants in Massage 1st group have undergone intervention of upper limb massage primarily and subsidiary cares afterwards. The Massage 2nd group infants have gone through a vice-versa process (Chen et al., 2012). After massaging by a well trained nurse, ten physicians have performed the Venipuncture process using same technique (Cullum et al., 2013). Appearance of a good number of physicians ensures the safety of infants (Hall Anand, 2014). Upper limb massage is a modified massage therapy, derived from the concepts of Vimala McClure, founder of International Association of Infant Massage, developed for premature progressive stimulation for infants, which enhances blood circulation and co-ordination, improves muscle tone and sleep (Gandhi, 2017). In this technique, the upper limbs are subjected to gentle strokes, milking and rolling (Bergomi et al., 2014). The massage is applied 5 minutes before Venipuncture to the upper limbs and the infants are covered to secure their blinding (Savino et al., 2013). The massage has lasted for two minutes. After that, Venipuncture is performed by the physicians using 24 gauge, 0.75 inch angiocatheter. The size of this catheter is standard for drawing intravenous fluids from infant body. A second blood sample is taken to check the infection level after completion of 24 to 48 hours of first Venipunccture. Video recording has been done for data collection. Heart rate is being measured using a data collecting system consists of three electrocardiogram leads, which gives accurate data and an infrared oximeter is used to review oxygen saturation (Slater et al., 2012). Phillips IntelliVue MP30, which is a lightweight, 6 cm. Screen machine, comes with a multi-measurement server and one battery, used to monitor the infants routinely. It has 5 hours battery back-up and touch screen option. There are two nurses, one for data collection and another for data review. Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) is the tool used in this study for evaluation of infant behaviour (Akuma Jordan, 2012). This tool focuses on gestational age, state of behaviour, saturation of oxygen and measures of heart rate. These are the areas on which preliminary data has been collected. The PIPP evaluation tools investigate the data in behavioural, circumstantial and psychological terms (Abdallah, Badr Hawwari, 2013). The reliability coefficient has been marked 0.91 to 0.99 for pain events in infant. IBM SPSS statistics 22.0 has been used for data analysis. The fundamental characteristics for different groups are compared using Pearson chi-square tools. A generic evaluation system is used for examining the difference in pain scores between massage and other required care. Within 80 infants, 52.5% are male and 47.5% are female. The average gestational age is 37 weeks and average bodyweight has been considered to be 28 Kg. The PIPP results indicate that, for the 1st infant group mean pain scores are 6.0 and 12.0 with massage and without massage respectively and for the 2nd infant group the scores are 7.3 and 12.7 respectively (van Dijk et al., 2012). The carryover effects, the comparison between usefulness of massage as a pain reduction therapy and other necessary treatment are examined by using the generic evaluation equations (GEE) model (Hall Anand, 2014). Two GEE models have been used in this case. The first one incorporates no adjustment for infant characteristics and the second one incorporates adjustments form gestational age, sex and bodyweight of the infants. The assessment of the model for both the cases indicates that the pain scores for the infants are essentially low who have received massage after potential time and carryover effects rather than who have received the necessary treatments. Analysing the data it can be noticed that PIPP is effective method of study that can be used to deduce the effectiveness of upper limb massage for pain management in infants (Brummelte et al., 2012). The level of pain that can be caused by Venipucture ranges from moderate to severe. The ranges of pain score are set as below: Comparison table for pain scores Pain score Level of pain 0 No pain 6 and below Minimal pain 7 to 12 Moderate pain Beyond 12 Severe pain The previous table shows the relationship between pain score and level of pain for the infants who have undergone through massage before Venipuncture (van Dijk et al., 2012). For the infants, who have not been subjected to massage, the severity6 of pain does not follow the table, rather increases by a lot. For the Massage 1st and Massage 2nd group, however the difference in pain scores does not have much significance. However, the study does not clinically represent the relationship between upper limb massage and reduction of pain. Another lack of the study is that the massage technique cannot be applied equally to all clinical practices, it needs to be standardized. To determine various illnesses present at birth, infants have to go through Venipucture process and it is almost impossible to eliminate the resulting pain (Chik, Ip Choi, 2017). Proper application of some non-pharmacological techniques can comfort infants during this process. However, very few nurses have completed these training. In modern day clinical practices, physiotherapists are the ones who perform this massage (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). Conclusion: In modern day medical practices, the importance of Venipuncture is very high and it is irreplaceable till now in order to determine the child-birth diseases. But infants suffer a great deal because of this. In order to compensate the pain massage of upper limbs is one of the non-pharmacological therapies that can be applied. Limb massage is not a common intervention method that can be applied to an infant but several studies prove that infants, whose gestational age are in between 30 to 40 weeks, feel comfort with application of limb massage before the application of any medical procedure. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of any hospital, where the infants are being treated, should have a good number of trained nurses and physiotherapists, who can perform this procedure. Instruments, required for Venipuncture as well as for monitoring the infants should be accurate because wrong data can lead to severe damages. Differences between pain scores under different explains the usefulness o f non-pharmacological practices like upper limb massage, the conditions of their application. Relevance: The study is related to the health of infants, which is itself a very delicate and valuable issue in nursing. An infant has very low resistance power, which becomes the main issue when they are subjected to any medical procedure. The study relates this resistive power of infants to Venipuncture which is a very critical procedure. The process causes lots of pain to an infant, which can cause severe damage (Chik, Ip Choi, 2017). It is very important to understand their behaviours and gestures because infants cannot express their pains through words (Maxwell, Malavolta Fraga, 2013). Through this study, a brief idea can be generated about the behaviours of infant while application of Venipuncture (Savino et al., 2013). The research shows the requirement of clinical expertise in this case which can be related to nursing. The nurses and the physiotherapists should be well-trained in their fields, because the non-pharmacological processes are performed by them (Madlinger-Lewis et al., 201 4). The non-pharmacological processes are compulsory for various medical procedures as they help to reduce pain, maintain health status (Gandhi, 2017). In this research, limb massage has been proved to be the most effective pain reduction process for Venipuncture (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). Various data have been obtained and analysed which provide the circumstantial pain scores and measures of pain realisation. The data is obtained by dividing the infants into two categories and by applying vice-versa procedure. Another thing which has been noticed from the study is the use of proper instruments. The measurements of heart rate, oxygen saturation have been measured using accurate and safe instruments. In nursing practice, it is very important to know about the operation of instruments properly (Bergomi et al., 2014). Pain relief is one of the primary contexts of nursing practices. The main objective of this practice is to take care of the sick. From the report, a link can be e stablished between this study and basic nursing practices based on evidence (Cullumet al., 2013). References: Abdallah, B., Badr, L. K., Hawwari, M. (2013). The efficacy of massage on short and long term outcomes in preterm infants.Infant Behavior and Development,36(4), 662-669. Akuma, A. O., Jordan, S. (2012). Pain management in neonates: a survey of nurses and doctors.Journal of Advanced Nursing,68(6), 1288-1301. Bellieni, C. V., Tei, M., Coccina, F., Buonocore, G. (2012). Sensorial saturation for infants pain.The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Medicine,25(sup1), 79-81. Bergomi, P., Chieppi, M., Maini, A., Mugnos, T., Spotti, D., Tzialla, C., Scudeller, L. (2014). Nonpharmacological techniques to reduce pain in preterm infants who receive heel-lance procedure: a randomized controlled trial.Research And Theory for Nursing Practice,28(4), 335-348. Brummelte, S., Grunau, R. E., Chau, V., Poskitt, K. J., Brant, R., Vinall, J., ... Miller, S. P. (2012). Procedural pain and brain development in premature newborns.Annals of Neurology,71(3), 385-396. Chen, M., Shi, X., Chen, Y., Cao, Z., Cheng, R., Xu, Y., ... Li, X. (2012). A prospective study of pain experience in a neonatal intensive care unit of China.The Clinical Journal of Pain,28(8), 700-704. Chik, Y. M., Ip, W. Y., Choi, K. C. (2017). The Effect of Upper Limb Massage on Infants Venipuncture Pain.Pain Management Nursing,18(1), 50-57. Cullum, N., Ciliska, D., Haynes, B., Marks, S. (Eds.). (2013).Evidence-based nursing: an introduction. John Wiley Sons. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gandhi, A. (2017). Non-pharmacological analgesia-effective but underused. Hall, R. W., Anand, K. J. (2014). Pain management in newborns.Clinics in Perinatology,41(4), 895. Madlinger-Lewis, L., Reynolds, L., Zarem, C., Crapnell, T., Inder, T., Pineda, R. (2014). The effects of alternative positioning on preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomized clinical trial.Research in Developmental Disabilities,35(2), 490-497. Maxwell, L. G., Malavolta, C. P., Fraga, M. V. (2013). Assessment of pain in the neonate.Clinics in Perinatology,40(3), 457-469. Savino, F., Vagliano, L., Ceratto, S., Viviani, F., Miniero, R., Ricceri, F. (2013). Pain assessment in children undergoing venipuncture: the WongBaker faces scale versus skin conductance fluctuations.PeerJ,1, e37. Slater, L., Asmerom, Y., Boskovic, D. S., Bahjri, K., Plank, M. S., Angeles, K. R., ... Fayard, E. (2012). Procedural pain and oxidative stress in premature neonates.The Journal of Pain,13(6), 590-597. van Dijk, J. F., van Wijck, A. J., Kappen, T. H., Peelen, L. M., Kalkman, C. J., Schuurmans, M. J. (2012). Postoperative pain assessment based on numeric ratings is not the same for patients and professionals: a cross-sectional study.International Journal of Nursing Studies,49(1), 65-71.

ULBS 1 Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

ULBS 1 Nama: Lee Xin Ru Kelas:4F Tarikh:29-3-17 Tajuk:(Ceramah) Cintailah Sungai Kita PENDAHULUAN:- Sungai merupakan pembekal sumber air kepada manusia. Melalui sungai manusia dapat minum, mandi dan mencuci pakaian. Sungai juga menjadi lokasi yang menarik kunjungan pelancong. Hal ini demikian, sungai wajar dijaga agar kebersihannya akan terus terpelihara. Huraian:- Punca-punca pencemaran sungai Pembuangan sisa pepejal ke dalam sungai - sesetengah anggota masyarakat mengambil jalan mudahdengan caramembuang sampah ke dalam sungai. Mereka menganggap sungai sebagai tong sampah. Sungai menjadi kotor, banyak hidupan akuatik yang pupus. Kurang pemantauan dan langkah penguatkuasaan yang lemah - Pihak berwajib tidak melaksanakan tugas yang diamanahkan sebaik mungkin. Pihak berwajib menghadapi masalah kekurangan pegawai. Pihak yang melakukan kesalahan jarang-jarang dikenakan tindakan. Sikap anggota masyarakat yang tidak prihatin - mereka tidak mempunyai kesedaran betapa pentingnya sungai kepada kehidupan manusia. Mereka juga kurang mengetahui kesan buruk pencemaran sungai. Pencemaran sungai yang dilakukan oleh pihak lain hanya dipandang sebelah mata oleh masyarakat sekeliling. Cara-cara mengekalkan keindahan sungai Pihak kerajaan mesti menganjurkan kempen 'Cintailah Sungai Kita' secara berterusan untuk meningkatkan kesedaran masyarakat tentang kepentingan sungai. - kempen juga lebih berkesan jika diwara-warakan melalui media massa seperti televisyen, radio dan sebagainya. Kerap mengadakan aktiviti gotong-royong membersihkan sungai melibatkan semua lapisan masyarakat - dapat menangani masalah sungai yang kotor. Gotong-royong juga diharapkan dapat memupuk perasaan cinta akan sungai. Tindakan penguatkuasaan yang lebih tegas dan berterusan - perlu mengenakan tindakan tegas kepada pesalah-pesalah seperti mengenakan kompaun yang lebih tinggi dan penjara mandatory. PENUTUP:- Sungai merupakan khazanah kurniaan Tuhan yang sangat besar fungsinya. Semua pihak perlu bekerjasama bagi memastikan keindahan dan kebersihan sungai terpelihara sehingga bila-bila.Cintailah sungai kita. Cintailah Sungai Kita Dalam kehidupan , sungai merupakan pembekal sumber air kepada manusia.Melalui sungai manusia dapat minum, mandi dan mencuci pakaian.Sungai juga menjadi lokasi yang menarik kunjungan pelancong.Namun apa yang kita nampak ialah pencemaran sungai kerana kerakusan manusia .Persoalannya,apakah punca pencemaran sungai dan langkah untuk mengatasi masalahnya? Terdapat beberapa punca pencemaran sungai iaitu pembuangan sisa pepejal ke dalam sungai . Hal ini disebabkan oleh,sesetengah anggota masyarakat menguna jalan yang mudah dengan cara membuang sampah ke dalam sungai. Kerana mereka menganggap sungai sebagai tong sampah. Akhirnya,sungai menjadi kotor dan menyebabkan banyak hidupan akuatik pupus. Selain itu,kurang pemantauan dan penguatkuasaan yang lemah .Kerana pihak yang bertugas tidak melaksanakan tugas yang diamanahkan. Kadang-kadang pihak berwajib menghadapi masalah kekurangan pegawai. Tambahan pula,ada pihak yang melakukan kesalahan jarang-jarang dikenakan tindakan. Seterusnya,sikap anggota masyarakat yang tidak prihatin.Hal ini disebabkan,mereka tidak mempunyai kesedaran dengan pentingnya sungai .Mereka juga tidak tahu kesan buruk pencemaran sungai. Kalau pencemaran sungai yang dilakukan oleh pihak lain hanya dipandang sebelah mata masyarakat sekeliling. Oleh itu, terdapat beberapa langkah untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut iaitu pihak kerajaan boleh mengadakan aktiviti gotong-royong membersihkan sungai dengan melibatkan semua lapisan masyarakat .Ini dapat menangani masalah sungai yang kotor. Gotong-royong juga diharapkan dapat memupuk perasaan cinta akan sungai. Seterusnya, tindakan penguatkuasaan yang lebih tegas dan berterusan perlu mengenakan tindakan tegas kepada pesalah seperti mengenakan kompaun yang lebih tinggi . Bukan itu sahaja,pihak kerajaan mesti mengadakan kempen 'Cintailah Sungai Kita' secara berterusan untuk meningkatkan kesedaran masyarakat tentang kepentingan sungai. Kempen lebih berkesan jika diwara-warakan melalui media massa. Kesimpulannya, sungai merupakan khazanah kurniaan Tuhan. Semua pihak perlu bekerjasama bagai aur dengan tebing bagi memastikan keindahan dan kebersihan sungai terpelihara sehingga bila-bila. Cintailah sungai kita.

genetic screening essays

genetic screening essays Genetic screening, also known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is a newly emerging technology that has brought with it much controversy. PGD involves the in vitro fertilization of an embryo. The embryos are allowed to develop to a 6 to 10 cell stage, at which point one of the embryonic cells is removed from each embryo and the cellular DNA is analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities or genetic mutations (Botkin, 1998). In doing this, it can be determined which embryos will be most likely to implant and germinate successfully in the uterus. PGD is a complicated, technologically sophisticated process. It is a union of in vetro fertilization technology and molecular biology (Botkin, 1998). Though it has numerous positive attributes, there are equally as many negative ones. In fact, this issue is one that has recently become the subject of many heated debates. Proponents for the use of PGD assert that this test allows for parents with fertility problems to maximize their opportunity for conception and birth. Their adversaries argue that this process is morally questionable, and though it is seen as safe alternative to abortion couples can experience the same psychological effects as if they were dealing with an actual abortion (Botkin, 1998). Obviously, this is an issue that does not have one distinct answer. Each opposing side has raised some poignant arguments. Those who are in favor of PGD generally use the arguments that it allows for the transmission of human genetic diseases to be reduced (McClure and Tasca, 1998). Before the usage of PGD the only other way to determine the existence of genetic diseases was by the use of prenatal diagnosis in the form of amniocentesis or chronic villus sampling (CVS). Currently, CVS can only be performed in the ninth to eleventh week of pregnancy, and amniocentesis can be performed in fifteenth to eighteenth week (McClure and Tasca, 1998...

How to Write an Editorial Essay

How to Write an Editorial Essay Useful Tips to Write an Editorial Unlike typical research essays, editorial seems to be a more difficult assignment. It contains some pieces of journalistic work. A few authors can really boast such skills as well as the ability to share opinions that will find readers’ support. Writing editorial is not just describing some news. It is about delivering the topic your readers expect to get. Editorial is about sharing the opinion that may have high value in concerns of a chosen topic. Sounds pretty tough, right? Have no worries! Our list of useful editorial writing tips from Tutoriage will come in handy. Select a Worthy Topic The first step is always the most difficult one. When it comes to editorials, your mission is to choose the most newsworthy topic that will definitely hit the headlines. Not only should your story be newsworthy but also relevant to the audience that will read your paper. Avoid using out-of-date topics and choose ideas related to some recent events or actions. Keep an eye on the relevancy of the topic as the main aspect of your future paper. Identify all pieces of information you want to present. Whether it is going to be statistics, charts, survey results, etc.   Make sure your readers would be eager to get in touch with those pieces of information. Look Into the Topic You need to be a proven expert when it comes to describing the topic. Make sure you have learned each and every aspect of it. Try to identify all possible sides of the topic no matter if they are true or false. You can use those sides to promote your personal point of view as well as support arguments and evidence. Avoid choosing any side. Journalists are supposed to be somewhere between all of the sides although giving respect for the truth. Build the Opinion After you have explored the topic, you need to construct your own opinion. It should be based on all the information you managed to generate and gather. Make sure you have a clear understanding of the difference between valid and invalid opinion. It will let you choose better arguments that will look more persuasive for the reader. Construct an Outline Now you need a clear plan for your paper. The next stage is to design a proper outline featuring all aspects of your paper divided into paragraphs. Indicate paragraphs containing quotes, stats and other information that depicts the core issues of the topic. Develop a plan that has all necessary components structured in a logical outline with comprehensive coherences. Edit and Double-Check Avoid the slightest grammar and punctuation mistakes. Otherwise, your paper will be nothing but an epic fail. Ask friends and relatives to read your editorial. Detect and eliminate all possible content malfunctions and establish a proper writing style that refers specifically to this type of academic assignment. Now, let the world hear your story!

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

English - Essay Example The current political system discourages all people from participating, especially Arab Americans. The system has become unsustainable and there is need to reform American foreign policy. There is need to develop a foreign policy that seeks to establish peace rather than perpetuate war, especially in the Arab world. Practically, all Americans are included in the American Dream. Exclusion from the dream is a voluntary process where the discontented, particularly some minority groups, can excuse themselves from the Dream. American expects a lot from individual people who pursue the American Dream. In their hard work to succeed, individuals usually contribute to the success of the nation through their contribution to the overall economic welfare of the nation. American art exposes a melancholy tension in the Dream. The work culture that was once characteristic of America is waning as the country strives for new innovations aimed at propelling it a step further as the world’s greatest nation. The features of the American Dream that emphasize wealth, fame and power affect the polity and global image of America by casting an image of a greedy country, that focuses more on its interest and would do all to achieve what benefits it at the expense of other

Individual Experiencing Health & Social Care Essay - 1

Individual Experiencing Health & Social Care - Essay Example This protected mealtime initiative â€Å"encourages the suspension of all non-urgent clinical activity on wards during mealtimes. During this time patients can eat their meals without interruptions and nursing staff are available to offer help to those who need it. In the Chief Medical Officer’s Annual Report, it was recognized that the initiative had been successful and should be introduced in all hospitals.† (Nutritional Care Group Report 2008) This policy can only be effective, though, if the patients are able to eat most, if not all of the food that is meant for them. A good diet will go a long way in improving a patients chance to recover fully, and overcome malnutrition and the risk of inspection. Protecting mealtimes helps in tackling poor nutrition and can also reduce the long term costs of healthcare. Also, some Patients might have special dentition needs and may have difficulties eating hard food may need softer meals. Protected, regular meals taken in a calm, unhurried and social atmosphere will promote the eating of such soft meals. Thus, there can be marked improvement in the nutritional intake of these patients, especially those who can be moved from their bedrooms to a suitable dining area during the protected mealtimes. Protecting mealtimes also creates a social atmosphere of communal dining, which can support increased food consumption on the part of the patients due to encouragement and the interaction of the staff and patients. Communal Dining environments are often more â€Å"home-like† or usual experiences for patients than eating off an over bed tray, either in or beside a bed, which in turn supports optimal intake. According to Simon Williams, â€Å"Making sure that our patients get the opportunity to eat and enjoy appetizing and nutritious food is one of the most important aspects of nursing care. Research shows that over forty per cent of people who come

The God of Small Things Arundhati Roy Essay Example for Free

The God of Small Things Arundhati Roy Essay In chapter seven of The God of Small Things Arundhati Roy uses Rahels encounter of the Wisdom Exercise Notebooks to underlie many recurring themes throughout the novel. Through setting, imagery, and symbolism, Roy is able to further establish the impact of neglect and abandonment on the Ipe family relationships, and on Indias traditional society as a whole. The passage is set in Pappachis study, which is created as a metaphor for Indian society at the time. India, experiencing all the post-colonial social influences of the West, is amidst a social and political revolution heavily defined by the central caste system. Pappachi, a stereotypical capitalist devotee, followed a career in entomology-classifying his mounted butterflies and moths in the same way he categorizes humans by status. His study used to be his hub of career achievements and a sanctuary for Western knowledge; essentially it was his attestation of superiority. Over time the records of his progress, further represented by his leather-bound set of The Insect Wealth of India, rot as burrowing Silverfish reduce the books from organized information into yellow lace. His attributes are insignificant now. Roys elaborated image of the abandoned setting as rank with fungus and disuse parallels the corruption and failure of India in its current social state. The diction in the word rank, however, suggests a double entendre with the more direct denotation of the word referring to status and class. It is as if Roy is blaming the state of the study on the social injustice of society. The once beautiful, delicate butterflies and moths are a perfect example of the small things in society that are often disregarded, or merely used to the advantage of the more powerful big things. Captured and confined, the insects have eventually disintegrated into small heaps of iridescent dust that powdered the bottom of their glass display cases. The luminous quality associated with the diction in the word iridescent and the passive tone in the word powdered remind the reader of their past splendor. Having undermined and forgotten the insects for too long, the pins that had impaled them are left naked. The laws that once kept Indias social order are now merely empty restrictions, subjected to a population rid of its beauty and innocence. The artificial connotation of neon-green hula hoop is compared to a saints discarded halo-the oppressed saint of the people. This theme of Indias social structure is continued through the imagery of the column of shining black ants. When describing the ants, Roys allusion to the line of mincing chorus girls in a Busby Berkeley musical hints at Berkeleys renowned parade of faces technique in which he individualized each chorus girl with the tribute of an esteemed close-up. The buffed and beautiful procession is given similar qualities to the butterflies and moths, but this time the ants are recognized individually and equally-representing the powerful upcoming communist parade of Indias lower class. The way in which Rahel interacts with the study describes her role in her family, and in society. Rahels clear footprints against the dust of the floor contrast her vivid presence with her grandfathers forgotten past. Her highlighted path leading from the door to the table (dragged to the bookshelf) to the stool (dragged to the table and lifted on to it) marks her organized determination in recovering her own past. Her initial lack of size and shape in her life shows how her lack of participation in Indias social battle allows her to maintain her a clean, carefree outlook on life. However, when it becomes clear that she is searching for something, the half-moons under her eyes are noticed and the team of trolls is waiting on her horizon. The half-moons suggest her weariness in searching for purpose in her life. The negative connotation of trolls foreshadows the adverse future consequences of the size and shape that her life does eventually acquire. The current uncertainty of that size and shape is shown through her arbitrary collection of items (a smooth seashell, a spiky one, a plastic case for contact lenses, an orange pipette, a silver crucifix). The lack of focus in her life is partly related to her separation from Estha. On his return, Rahel once again reveals the hidden things from the past that she tried to forget. The main object, Baby Kochammas rosary, is a symbol for Baby Kochammas dead dream of winning love. As each greedy bead grabbed its share of sun it casts a contrasting dark shadow, much in the same way Rahel views Baby Kochamas selfish lifestyle as having drained the rest of the family of their happiness and well being. By stealing it, she was punishing Baby Kochamma. While revisiting the past, Rahel also encounters something else. The Wisdom Exercise Notebooks her mother, Ammu, had given them were tattered but still intact. Ammu, like Rahel, had had the idea of hiding the past, and denying its influence on the future. Estha, although remaining speechless, has a significant impact on further establishing the themes of rejection and negligence. Consumed by the thoughts of trains, a metaphor for abandonment, Estha makes an Estha-shaped Hole in the Universe. Estha is merely a walking shadow of life. Much like the rosary, he blocked the light; he is present in the world only by his contrast to life itself. Estha is the embodiment of the idea of death of dreams. Since his childhood, his visions have been lucid but he has lacked control over his life in the same way his handwriting showed signs of struggle for control over the errant, self-willed pencil. Life has objectified him and his once inimitable relationship with Rahel, treating the twins as library books-stories to simply be borrowed and returned. He is angry at life for abandoning him, for straying from its expected course, and most of all for not letting him go-for keeping him pinned down like the empty spaces of the once beautiful butterflies and moths. The passage explores many of the prominent themes evaluating Indias social society throughout The God of Small Things. On a more internal note, it further establishes the complex relationship of Estha and Rahel as they uncover the past and face its inevitable impact on the future. Although stolen and hidden for many years, the past, as Rahel realizes, is still here. It always will be, reminding them of the love and life they had, of the mistakes and dreams they lost, and of the challenges they still face.

The Effects of Schizophrenia on the Brain Essay -- Biology Biological

The Effects of Schizophrenia on the Brain Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects one to two percent of people worldwide. The disorder can develop as early as the age of five, though it is very rare at such an early age. (3)) Most men become ill between the ages of 16 and 25 whereas most women become ill between the ages of 25 and 30. Even though there are differences in the age of development between the sexes, men and women are equally at risk for schizophrenia. (4) There is of yet no definitive answer as to what causes the disorder. It is believed to be a combination of factors including genetic make-up, pre-natal viruses, and early brain damage which cause neurotransmitter problems in the brain. (3) These problems cause the symptoms of schizophrenia, which include hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, and unusual speech or behavior. No "cure" has yet been discovered, although many different methods have been tried. Even in these modern times, only one in five affected people fully recovers. (4) The most common treatment is the administration of antipsychotic drugs. Other treatments that were previously used, and are occasionally still given are electro-convulsive therapy, which runs a small amount of electric current through the brain and causes seizures, and large doses of Vitamin B. (3) Due to neurological studies of the brain, antipsychotic drugs have become the most widely used treatments. These studies show that there are widespread abnormalities in the structural connectivity of the brains of affected people. (2) It was noticed that in brains affected with schizophrenia, far more neurotransmitters are released between neurons, which is what causes the symptoms. At first, re... ...scover the cause of schizophrenia. Is it caused by various genes, by a virus, or from trauma? This too is still a mystery. The only thing that is truly known is that the disorder is debilitating and that it affects nearly every portion of the brain. Obviously, much more research still needs to be done to help those who suffer from it. References 1)E-Mental Health, http://www.emental-health.com/schiz_function.htm 2) E-Mental Health, http://www.emental-health.com/schiz_structure.htm 3)National Institute for Mental Health, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/shcizoph.cfm 4)Psychiatry 24 x 7, http://www.psychiatry24x7.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=nonprofbackschiz010 5) Society of Neuroscience, http://www.sfn.org/content/Publications/BrainBriefings/schizophrenia.html 6)Health-Center, http://www2.health-center.com/mentalhealth/schizophrenia/causes

New technological

Many people predicted the downfall of the IT industry a long time ago. After the technological bubble burst by 2000, their predictions saw reality with many dot com companies closing down in the face of investor uncertainty. Huge brand names like AOL eBay took a hit as well and only the strongest like Microsoft survived. Many thought this was the end of technological era even though this was not the case. The IT sector had not stopped growing nor had it declined; it had just stabilized and kept growing, even if not at the same rate as it was a few years ago. With technological advancements coming in by the hour, it is only natural for new people to rise above the rest to make a name for them selves among the multitude of entrepreneurs and whiz kids of the past and present. People like Bill Gates and Steve Jobs still might be the key players in the industry, they do however are no longer the new blood that this industry almost always seems to require in order to stay on top. Google founders Larry Page Sergey Brin could arguably be the next major players after the ones that actually started the hype of the technological era. More recently however, new faces have come up. Two of these are as follows: Technology: Youtube Description: Videosharing website that allows its user to upload, view and share audio visual clips. Popularity: Close to 8 million hits per day. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal. Prior to PayPal, Hurley studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The domain name â€Å"YouTube.com† was activated on February 15, 2005, and the website was developed over the following months. The creators offered the public a preview of the site in May 2005, and six months later, YouTube made its official debut. Youtube became on of the fastest growing websites and even outpaced Myspace at this. Its business model is an advertising based revenue model where users clicking on ads are the source of revenue. This was an innovative idea and developed by the three youngsters with Chad Hurley being the Chief Executive Office and Steven Chen being the chief technology officer. Hurley, Chen and Karim got their start in the business world during the dot-com bubble and the bust that followed. Their venture money came in part through their connection to Roelof Botha, the South African former PayPal CFO. YouTube was born when the founders wanted to share some videos from a dinner party with friends in San Francisco. Sending the clips around by e-mail was not possible because they kept bouncing for being too big. Posting videos online wasn’t feasible either as no website allowed it. In 11 months the site became one of the most popular on the Internet because the founders designed it so people can post almost anything they like on YouTube in minutes. Steve Chen grew up in Taiwan until the age of 15, when his family immigrated to the United States. He attended high school at John Hersey High School as well as the Illinois Math and Science Academy and college from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In June 2006, Chen was named by Business 2.0 as one of the â€Å"The 50 people who matter now† in business. Hence the person to look out for would be Steve Chen. Karim had a lesser role as he developed the website but was an advisor by the end. Their dreams were realized when Google bought Youtube for a whooping $1.6 Billion and made them the modern entrepreneurs of today. Technology: Fecebook Description: English social networking website. Popularity: Close to 8 million hits per day. The site was founded as Thefacebook in February 2004 by college sophomore Mark Zuckerberg at Harvard University with technical support from Andrew McCollum and financial support from Eduardo Saverin. The site was founded as Thefacebook in February 2004 by college sophomore Mark Zuckerberg at Harvard University with technical support from Andrew McCollum and financial support from Eduardo Saverin. Zuckenberg was not a new player in the field however. In 2003, Zuckerberg and friend Adam D'Angelo launched the Synapse Media Player. The player received high acclaim in its ability to predict songs to play based on the user's previous selections. Several software companies, including Microsoft, expressed interest in the player, though no formal deal was made. This is similar to the way Bill Gates was in his younger years; attaining acclaim as an avid programmer and being noticed by firms like IBM. Hence, it can be safely said that people like Steve Chen and Mark Zuckerberg are the modern day equivalent of Bill Gates and Steve jobs. They might not be as exceptional nor are their innovations as far reaching as Windows or iPod, they still are the current knights of the technological era and have done what their predecessors did before them; create something exceptionally unique with the ability to influence people internationally. References: Grossman, L. (2006). Time: Best Inventions, 2006. Retreived, March 22, 2007 from, http://www.time.com/time/2006/techguide/bestinventions/inventions/youtube.html Grynbaum M. (2004). Mark E. Zuckerberg ’06: The whiz behind thefacebook.com. Retreived, March 22, 2007 from, http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=502875

Shawshank Redemption

Andy’s Changed Life In the film, Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont, insight was given to the life of prisoners in bondage. Tim Robbins’ character Andy gave an excellent illustration on how new prisoners enter a world of unknown dangers and survive. Andy’s metamorphosis from â€Å"lanky new fish† to a man of prestige was definitely interesting. His change reflected on his fellow prisoners, the Prison staff, and himself as well during his sentence. Andy exemplified a man who could compromise with his surroundings and make the best of every moment.The story of Andy’s life in the Shawshank Redemption gave insight for every man beginning his prison journey. Upon the arrival of all new prisoners stood Andy, a man convicted of murder. Like any other, bets were placed on him to challenge how long he could last. Andy began his new life quiet and concrete. His fellow prisoners had no idea what type of man he would become. After being attacked a nd raped on numerous occasions Andy had to stand up for himself. As he gradually made friends with Morgan Freeman’s character, Redd, his network grew. He needed things and Redd got it for him.From that point on because of his attitude people grew interested. Andy became one of the most friendliest and dependable friends any of the prisoners ever had. The ways he carried himself and acted upon situations were accepted throughout the entire prison. Once he became well-known it was as if he was the leader of a new clan and the people enjoyed following him. He opened pathways for the men and fought for their education. Through him the prisoners were able to enjoy a library and earned opportunities to get their GED or anything else. Andy was definitely no longer a â€Å"lanky new fish† by the time he left Shawshank Prison.As for the Prison staff at Shawshank Prison, Andy’s attitude and persona took a toll on them as well. Andy was never one to cause trouble or engage in anything involving violence. After a bold act towards the head officer Andy became the accountant and tax preparer for almost the whole Prison Staff. He helped to set up college funds and savings for many of the officers. Andy’s work became so good that the warden himself used him as his personal accountant to maintain his dirty money. At this point Andy had gained respect throughout the entire prison and the officers often looked out for him.The Prison staff became dependable on Andy and his marvelous works. He handled and managed their money so they really had no choice but to trust him. I think it shocked every officer to see himself getting help from a prisoner. As Andy grew within the prison, it can be assumed that he became a prominent figure in maintain the prison itself. Therefore his role as a prisoner seemed to have disappeared and he was just a man. Officers may have feared him as a person because he grew with prestige but in the end they needed him. Every man can see a change in himself whether it is good or bad.Andy definitely saw his change from when he first entered to his last days standing on in the prison yard. When he entered prison he had no idea what he had actually done. After sitting around and living from day to day he was able to realize that life is entirely too short to sit and do nothing. He had been sentence to life on behalf of each murdered person and it was nothing he could to about. He compromised, made friends, and made the best out of every moment. He grew to recite his favorite line, â€Å"I’m innocent, isn’t everybody here? Andy noticed the life of others and knew that it wasn’t a life for him. People depended on the four walls that surrounded them, but Andy understood that they were only temporary. There was life beyond what Shawshank Prison offered. As he looked in the mirror and saw how he was aging his whole attitude changed and it reflected on in his walk and even his talk. Life is all about changing and living. Andy’s life definitely changed and he lived through each moment. His fellow prisoners had first hand experience of his life as an innocent man to a man who could and would take risk.As it shocked them, it shocked him as well. The Prison Staff didn’t clearly understand the type of man he was because he was one of a kind. I admire him because he took his surroundings and made life of it. He helped and changed people’s mind sets of life itself. Andy opened people’s hearts and minds and did it all out of his heart. I don’t believe that he needed prison to understand his purpose in life but it definitely helped him to find one. Works Cited Shawshank Redemption. Dir. Frank Darabont. Columbia Pictures, 1994. Videocassette

Andy Kaufman essays

Andy Kaufman essays Like a lot of people I didnt realize who in the world Andy Kaufman was till I saw the movie Man on the Moon. This movie really cracked me up and also made really cry and think about life like no other. It also led me to ask who in the world is this guy Andy Kaufman? I began doing research on Andy Kaufman and believe it or not I actually read a book called Andy Kaufman Reveled by Bob Zmuda . The book told just about everything about Andy Kaufman you ever wanted to know. It pretty much finally gave you an idea of what Kaufman was all about. There was no idea of what he was about. In fact he had to be the most unpredictable person possibly ever. You had absolutely no idea of what he was going to do next and that is what people loved and hated about him. Kaufman didnt want to be known as a comedian because he felt he would have to make the audience laugh every time he went out there. Kaufman didnt want to do that because he would get bored with that so he called himself a song and dance man. Kaufman would go out there and sometimes make the audience laugh, sometimes he would make them boo him from bombing like no other and he would also make them very confused at times with them asking Is this guy for real. His most famous act is where he really started making his name. He would go on stage starting out as his legendary foreign man. Making lame jokes that was not even mildly amusing so then the crowd would start to boo. Then Kaufman would say in his foreign voice okay I would now like to imitate Mr. Elvis Presley and the crowd would boo some more till he put the music on. Then all of a sudden this shy unfunny foreign man turned into Elvis Presley and this was probably the greatest Elvis Presley imitation you could find and in about in a span of 1 second those boos turned into cheers and laughter. Then at the end of this act he would the classic Thank you thank very much, ...

The Role of Women in ‘The Great Gatsby’

The Role of Women in ‘The Great Gatsby’ Key Question What is the role of women in The Great Gatsby? Below, we’ll review the role of women in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and introduce three of the novel’s main female characters: Daisy, Jordan, and Myrtle. Historical Context The Great Gatsby is filled with characters who appear to be larger-than-life, living the American Dream in the Jazz Age of the 1920s. The 1920s was also a period of increased freedom for women, as young women of this generation distanced themselves from more traditional values. However, in the novel, we don’t hear from the female characters themselves- instead, we primarily learn about the women from how they are described by the two main male characters, Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway. Read on to learn about the main female characters in The Great Gatsby.   Daisy Buchanan The female character we usually think of in The Great Gatsby is Daisy. Daisy, Nick’s cousin, lives in affluent East Egg with her husband, Tom, and their young daughter. Daisy is mentioned by Nick here: Daisy was my second cousin once removed, and Id known Tom in college. And just after the war I spent two days with them in Chicago. Daisy appears almost removed, as an after-thought, of an importance only as the wife to Tom. Later, we learn that Daisy was previously in a romantic relationship with Jay Gatsby, and that many of Gatsby’s actions have been designed as a strategy to win over Daisy. In the novel, the male characters find Daisy’s voice to be one of her most remarkable and notable features. According to Nick: I looked back at my cousin, who began to ask me questions in her low, thrilling voice. It was the kind of voice that the ear follows up and down, as if each speech is an arrangement of notes that will never be played again. Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth, but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing compulsion, a whispered Listen, a promise that she had done gay, exciting things just a while since and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the next hour. As the novel progresses we learn that Daisy is the reason that Jay Gatsby has built up his opulent, lavish lifestyle. Shes the reason, the hope-for-a-future that makes him dare to dream, and even dare to reinvent himself (from the small-town farm boy to the successful Jay Gatsby). Jordan Baker Jordan Baker is a close friend of Daisy from childhood. We learn that Jordan is a relatively well-known golfer, as Nick recalls having seen her picture and having heard of her before meeting her: â€Å"I knew now why her face was familiar- its pleasing contemptuous expression had looked out at me from many rotogravure pictures of sporting life at Asheville and Hot Springs and Palm Beach. I had heard some story of her too, a critical, unpleasant story, but what it was I had forgotten long ago.† Jordan and Nick meet at a dinner at the Buchanans’ house. When the two meet, Daisy speaks of setting up a relationship between the two of them, and later they do indeed begin dating. Myrtle Wilson Myrtle Wilson is Tom Buchanan’s mistress, who Nick describes as vibrant and charismatic. When Nick first meets her, he describes her as follows: â€Å"Her face†¦ contained no facet or gleam of beauty but there was an immediately perceptible vitality about her as if the nerves of her body were continually smouldering.† Myrtle is married to George Wilson, who runs an auto shop in a working-class area outside of New York City. Narration in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is told from the perspective of Nick, whom many scholars have considered to be an unreliable narrator. In other words, Nick’s way of reporting on people and events in the novel may be biased, and an â€Å"objective† reporting of what really happened in the novel (or an objective description of the female characters in the novel) could potentially look different from how Nick has described the situation. Study Guide For more resources on The Great Gatsby, review our study guide below: The Great Gatsby OverviewReview: The Great GatsbyThemes in The Great GatsbyFamous Quotes from The Great GatsbyQuestions for Study and DiscussionKey Terms and Vocabulary

Character analysis on hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Character analysis on hamlet - Essay Example ." (Eliot, p. 32). This essay is a character analysis of Prince Hamlet. In examining Hamlet one of the most pervasive understandings is that his character changes throughout the play. Still, there is a general degree of despondency that is clear from the beginning. Consider Claudius when he asks Hamlet, â€Å"How is it that the clouds still hang on you?† (Act I, scene ii). This statement indicates Hamlet’s general despondency even before he discovers that his father has been murdered. As the play advances Hamlet is revealed to have further character dimensions including great intelligence and wit. Perhaps the most complex consideration in these regards is the extent that Hamlet is truly insane or faking his insanity. In these regards, it appears that in specific circumstances Hamlet has used his intelligence as a means of concealing his true character. One considers his interaction with Polonius as a strong indicator of this perspective. Still, in other instances, such as his violent outbursts, Hamlet appears to be clearly insane. Another central aspect to Hamlet’s character is the nature of his unwillingness to act. While early on in the play Hamlet vows to kill Claudius and avenge his father’s death he perpetually refuses to carry out this action. One insight into Hamlet’s character is the argument that he is subject to Oedipal repression. It’s argued, â€Å"The call of duty to slay his uncle cannot be obeyed because it links itself with the call of his nature to slay his mothers husband, whether this is the first or the second; the latter call is strongly "repressed," and therefore necessarily the former also† (Jones, p. 74). In these regards, Hamlet is motivated out of love for his mother, yet has psychoanalytically repressed this love so is unwilling to kill Claudius. In other instances, Hamlet appears to be motivated out of a general rational desire to determine Claudius

A science column Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A science column - Essay Example We have to charge our cell phones whenever they are exhausted of energy/power. This we have to do by using electricity and we wonder how electricity and the cell phones are related such that we are able to communicate with people far away from us once the two have been fused together. Sometimes, we have magnets which attract certain things such s iron materials and other types of magnetic materials. We wonder where such force of attraction is originating from inside the magnet, just a piece of steel or iron. All these fascinations are the results of certain discoveries made some time back in the history of science and have been integrated over time to operate in some ways which actually make life easier and convenient. The relationship between electricity and magnetism can be traced back to the times of the greatest scientists who contributed so much to the development of electricity ad electric discoveries such as Michael Faraday and Ampere. This paper will look at the integration b etween the two laws developed by Michael Faraday and Ampere to explain the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Michael Faraday developed a law which tried to explain this relationship by drawing a connecting line between electric transfers and magnetism. The laws can be defined in terms of electromotive force (emf), the force believed to be the driving force of an electric current, as Faraday notes. The law states that: â€Å"A time- changing magnetic flux though a closed circuit induces an emf in the circuit.† (Sadiku) Faraday’s electromagnetic induction can be divided into two laws which are however related to each other and tries to explain the flow and the induction of magnetism in a substance. The first law states that: â€Å"whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an emf is induced which is called the induced emf, if the circuit is closed, current is also induced which is called the induced current.† (Sadiku) The second law states that â€Å"the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages whereby the flux linkage is the product of the number of turns of the coils n and the flux associate with it.† (Sadiku). According to this law, the number of turns in the coil will then determine the amount of current flowing through the wire and vice versa as shown in the diagram. This emf only last as long as the magnetic current within the circuit continues to change. In this way Faraday developed a law which describes the electromagnetic induction whereby, an electric field is usually induced or created by a changing magnetic field. When current flows in a solenoid wounded around a magnetic material, the material becomes magnetized and this creates the potential difference. It is this difference which keeps the current flowing from one point to another. The emf developed is the force that works against the electric potential commonly referred to as the voltage. The common voltage in dry cell s is 1.5 and has the electric potential moving from the positive electrode t

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial Essay - 3

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial practices and has no relevance to the present day. Discuss - Essay Example This term was also used to refer to any organizational system that precisely brought out the functions of groups and individuals. Further, scientific management can be used to describe situations where jobs are categorized and people perform recurring tasks. Background of Taylorism In the 19th century, there were widespread unplanned companies, decentralized management, casual relations among workers and employers, and informally defined job assignments in factory systems. By the end of this century, increased completion, new technologies, demands from regimes and labor agencies, and a developing consciousness by the elites had motivated attempts to advance business and management. All these developments were aimed at initiating cautiously defined processes and risks, which were later referred to by historians as â€Å"systematic management† since they involved a careful study of individuals at work (Cumo 77). The key figure behind this innovation was an engineer based in Amer ica, who was also a management theorist and a discoverer, Fredrick W. Taylor. Taylor was born in 1856 in a Philadelphia family. He began his career in a machine shop in a steel Company in 1878 where he quickly gained experience and started initiating new methods. After approximately ten years, he invented several technical and organizational innovations such as a technique of timing employees with a stopwatch to work out best times. By the 1890s, Taylor had been recognized as the most determined and dynamic advocate of systematic management. He further introduced accounting systems that he became a consultant of the same. This system allowed the use of operating records by managers with greater efficiency, which later became production systems that enlightened managers more accurately on what was happening in the factory, control workers and their tasks, piece-rate models to motivate following of instructions by workers, and various other advancements. A couple of inventions played a big role in the creation of the scientific management theory. The invention of high-speed-steel enhanced the performance of metal-cutting tools, and attempts to initiate systematic techniques resulted in an incorporated view of innovation in management. By 1901, Taylor had styled systematic management to scientific management (Cumo 78). From the actions of Taylor’s career, it is evident that systematic management was closely related to scientific management. They shared origins, liked by similar people, and shared objectives. The distinctions between them also were clear. Systematic management was distributive and practical, some isolated approaches that did not make a larger whole (Sapru 92). On the other hand, scientific management contributed important details and an understandable point of view. Taylor decided to promote the two systems in 1902 when he got out of Bethlehem. The American Society journal first published Taylor’s first documentation on his vocation, â€Å"shop management† in 1903, which was ranked as an inclusive collection of systematic management techniques. In the year 1910, Traylor was involved in scandals with rough enemies of scientific management. In response to the controversies, Taylor came up with a new approach to his system, which he named â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management.† In this account, he really embraced the term â€Å"Scientific Management† as used it to symbolize the whole system. He argued

SWOT analysis of the borders company

SWOT analysis of the borders company According to the article Borders Group, Inc.; Borders Raises $25 Million Through Equity Financing to Support Key Financial and Strategic Initiatives (2010), Borders Group sold $25 million equity finances to financier Bennett LeBow in May 2009 so it could solve a company liquidity problem. This new capital budget will strengthen Borders balance sheet which recorded liabilities as $1.3 billion and stockholders equities as $262 million (Borders group, Inc., 2010). Moreover, Borders could provide capital to help fund the transformation of the Borders brand. These include improving the store network to increase profitability and productivity and maximizing the digital opportunity, including growing Borders.com. Launched eBook store to digital approach To compete with other company, Borders launched its eBook store with more than 1.5 million titles, including thousands of free titles, available in a variety of formats, including ePub, mobile and PDF (Borders opens, 2010). In addition, a company launched the Kobo eReader and Aluratek Libre eReader on Borders.com. Both devices, which are value-priced at under $150, have surpassed sales expectations. Moreover, to provide additional value around its digital offerings, Borders also offers free books to customers download Borders application (Borders offers, 2010). From its variety digital approach, Borders can achieve customer satisfaction. Weakness: Net losses in Waldenbooks Specialty Retail stores Borders had 468 Waldenbooks Specialty Retail stores in 2008 summer (Milliot, 2009). However, in 2009, Borders Waldenbooks Specialty Retail stores revenues decreased 8.5% (Borders Group Q4, 2010). It, moreover, is lesser consumers to go to shopping in shopping mall (Industry profile: Bookstores, 2010) so Borders has continually closed Waldenbooks stores since 2001 (Milliot, 2009). In addition, Borders closed 186 Waldenbooks Specialty Retail locations in the fourth quarter of 2009. The total 212 Waldenbooks stores were closed in 2009 fiscal year (Milliot, 2010). It seems that Waldenbooks stores are still a problem for Borders to burden net losses in several years. Missing multi-media approach Multi-media were the most significant impact in sales of the book industry because multi-media categories are low margin categories, such as music and video. Although Borders has already expanded their DVD movies section since 2006, Borders decided to decrease their multi-media section and more focused on book selling instead. As this result, in the second quarter of 2009, Borderss music sales were declined 51% and DVD sales were declined 48% (Borders Group, Inc. Q2, 2009). In fact, excluding multi-media, Borderss superstore comps declined by 13%. The sales of books are around 67% of the total sales in 2008 and 2009 (Milliot, 2010). Opportunities Strong growing in on-line retailing market The online retailing industry is increasing very fast because internet is becoming more and more popular. The data from Forester shows that the online retail sales reached $141 billion in 2008, which was an 11% increase. In the 2009, online retail sales reached $141 billion, which was a 13% increase, even faster increase than previous year (Reuters Research Inc., 2010). Borders internet service acquired a lot of experience in the past two years and the eBook is a new service which will be provided by borders in July 2, 2010. In this case, new strategies include online store and eBook which are using by Borders may help borders catch this opportunity. Increasing Book Industry The book market which Borders involves in is growing steadys because internet sales and many new assistant technologies like e-book are helping people to acquire and read books easily and conveniently. According to the report book industry trend (2009), book industrys net income would increase 4.4% to $37.3billion in 2008 from $35.7billion in 2009. Bensinger (2010) states that U.S. book sales will rise 5.8 percent from 2010 to 2015 and most of increasing are online book selling. This data clearly shows that book industry will become larger, especially the online book market, which is a great opportunity for borders to use digital strategies such as Borders.com and eBook to change the depression in the past 5 years. Threats The increasing minimum wages in US According to the article Tables calculators by subject (2010), the federal minimum wage rate increased $5.15 per hour in 1997 to reach $6.55 per hour in July, 2008 and it kept going to $8.55 per hour in 2009, and remains same in 2010. All of those increases were caused by a voter begins in 1998 relative with increased inflation rate and cost did not rise in that year (High paying, 2010). The increased minimum wages makes borders face a more serious environment. The higher cost of wages will increase burden of Borders since borders has approximately 25,000. The sharp decrease in revenue which caused by intense competition and increased cost of labors will further decrease the net income of Borders. The decrease of consumers in shopping malls of US The consumers gradually adapt to shop online and the traffic of shopping mall is gradually decreasing in US. Decreased mall consumers in US have made many retailers into trouble. Sales performance of malls in the U.S also becomes worse and excepted to remain in the same situation in the nearly future. Connolly (2009) states that Mall tenant sales declined to10.3% in Jan 2009, which is a slightly better performance than in November and December in 2008. In this case, Borders is a bookstore company which has physical stores and the companys Waldenbooks which is a brand based on mall. In this case, Borders consumer traffic also will be affected by the decrease of consumers in shopping malls and it is clearly that the profit of Borders also will be affected.

The Kitchen Gods Wife and The Bingo Palace :: comparison compare contrast essays

Mythology, Luck, and Fate in The Kitchen God's Wife and The Bingo Palace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In Amy Tan's novel, The Kitchen God's Wife, the author weaves Chinese mythology and beliefs through a woman's struggle to explain and come to terms with her harrowing past, to her American daughter, Pearl. Aside from the horror invoked by Winnie's tale of her life in Pre-Communist/Feudal China, the thing that struck me the most about this book was how often the themes of luck and fate crop up in the story. I often found that Winnie reminded me of the character Lipsha from Louise Erdrich's novel, The Bingo Palace in that both characters seemed to believe that their lives were controlled more by luck/fate than by their own will. While the similarities between the two books do exist, they are very different stories dealing with two cultures far removed from each other in location, beliefs and ways of life. I decided that for this paper, it would be interesting to look at how the ideas of mythology, luck and fate pertain to the culture of the Chinese and Native Americans in these two books. I would also like to look at how Asian Americans and Native Americans assimilate and change their cultural beliefs and practices into the larger "culture" of the United States. The Oxford Dictionary defines fate as: "1 a power regarded as predetermining events unalterably. 2 a the future regarded as determined by such a power. b an individual's appointed lot. C the ultimate condition or end of a person or thing (that sealed our fate)". The aspect of the story that especially stood out for me was the way in which Winnie chalked up everything that happened to her, good and bad, to the state of her luck at the time. It seems as if Winnie believed that she was fated to have bad luck from beginning of her life because of her mother. She tells of her mother marrying into a family where she became the "double second wife" which means she replaced the first "second" wife who had died. Replacing a dead wife was believed to put a woman into a bad-luck position, so perhaps Winnie believed she had inherited her bad luck from her mother and was "doomed" from birth. Winnie even attributes her horrible marriage to Wen Fu as a result of her bad luck.

In What Ways Have Large Business Organizations Changed Essay

In what ways have large business organizations changed in recent decades? Large business organizations have changed in recent decades in a few ways. Some of this ways are that are not always a conventional bureaucracy, they are more open and flexible, the technology used, and the political and economic trends are always changing. Plus there are others, but I’m going to elaborate on the one I had mentioned. In the past organizations had use a conventional bureaucracy approach (the pyramid), where it is a top-down flow. The upper level manager would give instructions to be carried out, and the lower level workers would carry out the instructions. But now days it is a more open and flexible place to work; where instructions are carried out by all members of the organization. And unlike the bureaucracy approach, the open and flexible approach gives the decision making to most or all members of the organization. There has defiantly been a significantly change in the department of technology over the decades. The technology used in the past was files, records, telephones, and fax machines. Now we use computers, the Internet and Web, e-mails, and mobile devices. The connection to the Internet and the Web has even changed over the years since we started to use them. Instead of being a steady passed organization and society that we once was we have quickened are pass to our now fast past world on the go at ever moment. The trends of economy and politics play a role in the organization’s environment, such as the outside factors of an organization that can affect the operation of business. This would include the current events, available workforce, technology, and other organizations. And as the times change, the resources changes with it. Couple decades ago the times where good for what it was, but now days, with the recession times are good for some and not good for others. The recent layoffs, foreclosures, and natural disastrous, in the past few years has not helped a lot, but we are coming back together.

Creative Ads Motivates People to Drink Water

Creative Ads Motivates People to Drink Water Creative Ads Motivates People to Drink Water It is well known that water is one of the most essential elements for all organisms, especially human beings. However, even though people realize how important water is for them they do not drink their daily-recommended amount of water. Therefore, organizations form water campaigns to encourage people to drink 8 to 12 glasses per day, which maintains the body’s hydration.Nevertheless, most people believe that water campaigns are uninteresting, which makes them ineffective. Evian and Nestle are water companies that try to market their products through their ads that motivate people to drink more water so that they live young and healthy. Furthermore, the commercials grab people’s attention by using creative and artistic ideas that send to customers the same message that the water campaigns but in a fast and creative way, which convince people to buy bottled water even though they ca n consume it for free.Nestle is one of the world’s largest food companies that also sells mineral water marketed by an inspired advertisement. This Nestle Pure life water TV commercial starts with a picture of the Nestle bottle of water and the question  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why does your body need 8 glasses a day of Nestle Pure Life†. The background of the advertisement is both blue and white which matches the nestle bottle of water. Although water is colorless, the Nestle Company probably chose blue because it is used almost always to represent the purity of water (Kalyan Meola, 2005).The background includes a large picture of the number 8, which represents the number of glasses of water people should drink daily, and it is illustrated in an artistic way since it is also blue and include reflections on the number’s edges. The question â€Å"Why does your body need 8 glasses a day of Nestle Pure Life† is answered by a short video that explains the importance of hydra tion. The second part of the advertisement starts with a brunette model who seems to be in her thirties.The model’s skin color and facial features do not indicate a particular nationality, which allows this ad to be shown in different countries that can relate to it. In the third part of the advertisement the model starts to drink the water and takes us on a tour that demonstrates the model’s respiratory and digestive system in a creative way. Additionally, the Nestle water becomes an image of a waterfall in a tropical jungle.I believe that using a forest in this ad sends a message to customers that the Nestle water company products are natural. Besides that, the ad includes a family playing in the waterfall, and that is a way to motivate and attract people, especially young children, to live healthy and drink Nestle Pure Water. What grabbed my attention is that the waterfall is circulating around numerous kinds of red and pink flowers that are arranged in the shape of the human heart.Using pink flowers for the heart will convince people that drinking 8 glasses of water is necessary for the body’s health. Moreover, while watching the video ad I discovered that it creates an illusion of a human body out of nature such as the body’s lungs, which are represented by various tropical plants, and the intestine, which is created from a waterfall. Finally, the model turns out to be a mother with a healthy body shape standing with her son and husband in a green mountain range area.The Mother is wearing a purple top with a bright pink 3-quarter trouser, which suits the layout of the advertisement. Furthermore, both the father and his son are wearing shorts only that show us their healthy figure that means that Nestle Pure Water keeps the body healthy. Obviously, Evian is a brand of mineral water that uses creativity in order to market its pure water. The ‘Live Young’ Evian water advertisement shows many people wearing a t-shirt t hat creates the illusion that these models have the body of an infant.Although the phrase ‘Live Young’ usually refers to being adventurous, using this illusion sends the message that bottled water companies try to achieve which is the purity of their products. Babies, as newborns, are pure because most of them lack diseases and stress. Looking at the layout of the advertisement, the white background makes the advertisement very positive as it represents calmness and purity; besides, it makes the models’ white T-shirts fade into the light background, which makes the baby bodies seem real.Furthermore, the advertisement’s models are of various ethnicities, which allow more people to relate to it, and help the ad become globally well known since it can be displayed in any country. Besides that, most models are young, yet others are older, which motivates older customers to buy Evian water too. Furthermore, what grabbed my attention is that all of the models ha ve healthy looking bodies, which suggests that drinking Evian Pure Water will keep you not only young but also healthy. The song â€Å"Wordy Rappinghood† is used to form a high-spirited mood as the models move to the beat.Additionally, the models in the commercial are active, and doing different things like drinking water, looking at their shirts, laughing and playing with their hair. All in all, water has always been the source of life for humans. However, people do not actually drink the amount water needed for their body. Therefore, the water companies try to break the routine of water campaigns by creating new artistic commercials that motivate people to become healthier by drinking water and to by their pure bottled water rather than drinking free tap water.Nestle Pure Water and Evian Water Company commercials are great examples since they both market their products and influence people to live a healthy life. References Duncan. (2011, April 20). Evian Babies Are Back to Live Young. Retrieved from http://theinspirationroom. com/daily/2011/evian-babies-are-back-to-live-young/ Meola, K. V. (2005). The Psychology of Color. Hohonu , 3, 2. Nestle Pure Life Natural Spring Water. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 27, 2011, from http://www. nestle-waters. ca/en/ourbrands/pure_life. htm